This article explains the major Japanese and international standards related to friction and wear testing, including JIS K 7125, ISO 8295, ASTM D1894, and others, with guidance on instrument selection.

Wear evaluation quantifies the extent of material loss from a surface over time under sliding or abrasive contact. This article explains major wear evaluation methods and relevant HEIDON instruments.

The coefficient of friction is the ratio of friction force to normal force. This article explains static and kinetic friction coefficients, Amontons' laws, and HEIDON measurement instruments.

Friction and wear testing machines can be classified by their motion method. This article introduces 8 major motion types—reciprocating, rotary, pin-on-disk, and more—with representative HEIDON products.

The fixture (jig) used in a friction and wear tester determines the contact geometry, motion type, and measurable parameters. This article introduces key fixture types and their applications.